Galatiíextis Uaidanionos
Suauelon! Iūlī Uaidaniū immi.
Gaulish hasn't been my main focus lately. The grammar and lexicon that were here before came from wildly unreliable sources. Even as I did my best to verify the information, I found the effort falling into a pattern of feature creep, something I am all to familiar with as a programmer and something that causes problems with order and consistency. My Gaulish reference will have to be redone from scratch. I have Delamarre's book on my desk, and I will put more time toward rebuilding a proper reference and lexicon.
Version française à venir...
I will share some observations from my fact checking. I'm not a linguist, so take these with a grain of salt.
Notes on Gaulish Vocabulary and Grammar
"Ac" Isn't a Word
Everyone involved in Gaulish reconstruction, from Nouiogalatiion to Toaduissoubi to Galáthach, uses "ac" as a way to say "and" or "but" by analogy with the Welsh equivalent. But this is a later Brythonic development from an earlier *atkʷe and would not have been reflected in Gaulish. We have at least one attestation of this word as ape, two attestations if "apeni" parses as "ape ni" and not *"ac beni". In context, "ape" seems to mean "and anyway". We do have definite words attested for "and" in Gaulish: eti, the -c suffix, and the combined etic.
The Q>P Change Probably Spread by Contact
Lepontic has -pe from ancestral *-kʷe to mean "and"; in Gaulish this suffix was unaffected by the Q > P sound change. There are other examples (Sequanii, Equos) that show the sound change is not complete in Gaulish. In Brythonic, the change is or once was even less complete, since words like ac exist that underwent the change in Gaulish but not in Brythonic. This would make sense if earlier forms of the Gallic and Brythonic languages still had the Q, with the > P sound change being adopted first from Lepontic to Gaulish and later from Gaulish to Brythonic, while never reaching the closely related Goidelic. The Gallo-Brythonic hypothesis and its effects run rampant through modern reconstructions, since Tacitus said the languages of the Gauls and the Brits "differ little", but since Druids would travel to the isles to study, would not all three Gallo-Insular languages have been at least somewhat mutually intelligible? A shared sound borrowing could easily render two of them similar to a Roman ear.
Gaulish Has No Verbal Nouns
Insular Celtic forms many verbal nouns with a suffix that might have existed in Proto-Celtic, that displaced a different suffix for forming nouns from verbal roots. However, this ancient noun-forming capability is distinct from the way modern verbal nouns work, which is unique to Insular Celtic, namely having no infinitive and instead saying things like "I want the seeing of you" etc. In the entire corpus of attested Gaulish there is not one instance of an Insular-style verbal noun. We know of one attestation scrisumiio uelor, literally "I wish that I spit", as an example of how the language got by without infinitives. One might still extrapolate verbal nouns back to PC, if not for the fact that Celtiberian appears to have infinitives.
Moni Doesn't Mean Come
The belief that it does is so widespread that Wiktionary confidently asserts that it does, however if you look at the meanings of the Irish and Welsh verbs, they mean "go" not "come". Even the apparent Umbrian cognate is actually either a back formation or a mistake, the Indo-European root having a *gʷ that is not reflected in the Celtic words. The comparative evidence for moni as a verb is a big nothing burger. Some reconstructionists propose *ellāt from PC. *ɸalnati for the meaning of "come" or more accurately "arrive", which does seem more likely. A more plausible and much more interesting picture emerges if we look at other attested Gaulish posessives. There's mon, which influenced the French word mon, a prefix to-, and the feminine form TVA. There's also a prefixed form imon in the same attestation as moni, and a possibly related ison (= "his"?) from another attestation, implying the existence of *iton, *itua, and maybe even *imoni and *isoni. If moni means "my", then the feminines of mon and *ton must have been formed irregularly, perhaps to avoid collisions with other words; in particular, *toni would conflict with a word "toni" apparently attested in Coligny, POGDEDORTONIN = ponc dedor toni N, "when given then N". For plurals, all we have is "onson", probably either a dialectal variant or a mistake of *anson, "our", so the irregularity seems to be confined to the singular feminines.
Paradigms
For declensions, conjugations, and the like, whenever the forms aren't attested, our current best reconstruction method is to base the Gaulish endings off the reconstructed Proto-Celtic endings. Some sound changes are known for Gaulish from PC, such as the change from final M to N (this would later be reversed by the influence of Latin, before final nasals and final S would disappear altogether!) and certain instances of long ē and long ō/ū being replaced by iíi and ou. Gaulish shared the Insular feature of appending pronouns to verbs in certain environments, such as dessū-mī, sīoxt-i, buet-id, iexset-esī, and so on.
Calendar
When I first got into learning about Gaulish, I asked about possibly incorporating a modern version of the Coligny calendar on my site, if there were any pointers on how the days and months worked. The response I got was a harshly worded nastygram to the effect that dire things would happen unless I contacted a specific person for permission to use a specific copyrighted interpretation. Eff that! Ultimately I did find the answers I was looking for, on Wikipedia, and I was able to construct a dynamic calendar (et une version française) using material available under suitable licenses. My implementation is not perfect; it often gets the triple marks wrong, but the code is so convoluted I'd almost have to start over with it. For now at least the current day and month, the īuoi, the intercalary months, and the matēs dīoues are all probably correct.
Attestations
Here are the attestations I have, along with their interpretations when available:
E-1 Briona, Novara, Piedmont, Italy 𐌗𐌅𐌍𐌏𐌗𐌅𐌋𐌉𐌊𐌏𐌉 𐌊𐌖𐌉𐌗𐌏𐌔 𐌋𐌄𐌊𐌅𐌗𐌏𐌔 𐌅𐌍𐌏𐌊𐌏𐌐𐌏𐌊𐌉𐌏𐌔 𐌔𐌄𐌗𐌖𐌐𐌏𐌊𐌉𐌏𐌔 𐌄𐌔𐌅𐌍𐌄𐌊𐌏𐌗𐌉 𐌅𐌍𐌅𐌃𐌄𐌖𐌉𐌑𐌄𐌏𐌔 𐌗𐌅𐌍𐌏𐌗𐌅𐌋𐌏𐌔 𐌊𐌅𐌃𐌍𐌉𐌕𐌖𐌔 Dannotalicoi Cuintos Legatos Annocombogios Setubogios Essannecotti Anareuiꟈeos Dannotalos carnitus « Le fils de Dannotalos, Quintos le légat [et] Annocombogios, Setubogios, fils de Essannecottos [et] le fils d'Anarevisos - Dannotalos a érigé ce cairn » E-5 Todi, Perugia, Umbria, Italy [𐌅𐌗]𐌄𐌊𐌍𐌅𐌗𐌉 𐌗𐌃𐌖𐌗𐌉[𐌊]𐌍𐌉 [𐌊𐌅𐌃]𐌍𐌉𐌗𐌖 𐌋𐌏𐌊𐌅𐌍 𐌊𐌏[𐌉]𐌔𐌉𐌔 [𐌗𐌃]𐌖𐌗𐌉𐌊𐌍𐌏𐌔 Ategnati Druticni carnitu logan Coisis Drutiknos « Coisis fils de Drutos a érigé la tombe d'Ategnatos fils de Drutos » G-13 Les Pennes-Mirabeau, Bouches-du-Rhône, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur εσκεγγολατι ανιατειος ιμμι Escengolati aniateios immi « Je suis [le plat] d'Escengolatos qu'on ne doit pas voler » G-28 Saint-Chamas, Bouches-du-Rhône, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. ]πορειξ ιουγιλλιακος δεδε βρατου βελεινο ]porīxs Iugilliacos dede bratū Belīno « ]porix fils de Iugillos a offer en gratitude / ex uoto fils de Nertecomaros » ...porix son of Iugillos offered in thanks to Belenos. G-64 Saint-Rémy-de-Provence ματρεβο γλανεικαβο βρατου δεκαντεν matrebo Glanicabo bratū decanten « Aux Mères de Glanum en gratitude la dîme / ex uoto » G-65 Saint-Rémy-de-Provence κορνηλια ροκλοισιαβο βρατου δεκαντ[εν] Cornelia rocloisiabo bratū decanten « Cornelia aux Écoutantes en gratitude [a offert] la dîme / ex uoto » G-121 Cavaillon, Vaucluse, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur ελουισσα μαγουρειγι αουα Eluissa Magurigi aua « Elvissa, à Magurix, sa petite-fille » G-122 Cavaillon, Vaucluse, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur ατες ατεμαγουτι οννακουι Ates Atemaguti onnacoui « Ates pour Atemagutis fils d'Onnos » G-146 Gargas, Vaucluse, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur εσκεγγαι βλανδοουικουνιαι Escengai Blandouicuniai « À Excenga fille de Blandovicu » G-151 Saignon, Vaucluse, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur ]δβο [-]τοο [-] ουει ματικαν [-] λιουει καρνιτου[ ...dbo ...tou uei matican ... liue carnitu... G-153 Vaison-la-Romaine (Vaucluse) CΕΓΟΜΑΡΟC ΟΥΙΛΛΟΝΕΟC ΤΟΟΥΤΙΟΥC ΝΑΜΑΥCΑΤΙC ΕΙωΡΟΥ ΒΗΛΗ CΑΜΙ CΟCΙΝ ΝΕΜΗΤΟΝ Segomāros Uilloneos toutius Namausatis īeurū Bēlēsamī sosin nemeton Segomaros Villoneos citizen of Namausos dedicated to Belisama this sacred space. G-183 Collias, Gard, Occitanie εκιλιος ρ.ουμαν[ι]ος ανδοουναβο δ[ε]δ[ε] βρατου δεκαντεν Ecilios Roumanios andounabo dede bratū decanten « Ekilios fils de Romanos a offert la dîme en gratitude ex voto aux eaux d'en bas »[ G-257 Alise-Sainte-Reine, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Côte-d'Or οαμ[ο]ταλο[ς] αυουωτ […] σεσ […] λαμα :λαρμα […] βιρακοτωυτι […] αννο […] κοβριτουλω […] β:ατ […] δω […] Samotalos auuot ...ses... lama .larma ... Biracotouti ... anno ... cobritulo ... b.at ... do ... Samotalos made ...???... hand .??? ... of Biracotoutos ... ? ... magical ... ??? ... to ... G-271 Saint-Germain-Source-Seine δαγολιτους αυοωυτ Dagolitus auuot « Dagolitus fait » G-556 Cavaillon, Vaucluse, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur ι]οουιγκορειξ [ου]ελτουοσ ηλιοσ λερε τ ]εκτου[ ]οσσον[ Iouincorixs ueltuos Helios leret ...ectu... ...osson... L Beaumont subroni sumeli uoretouirius « Voretovirius pour Bien-Douce, Bonne-Poitrine » L Marcellus Empiricus, De Medicamentis exugri conexugri glion aisus scrisumio uelor exugri conexugri lau « Fuis, va-t-en, chose collante ! Aisus, je veux cracher ! Fuis, va-t-en, mal ! » « Va, va-t-en, glu ! Aisus, je veux cracher ! Va, va-t-en, mal ! » L Bordeaux in mon derco marcos axat ison « Que Marcos emmène cela [qui est] dans mon œil » « Que le marc [incertain] emmène cela [qui est] dans mon œil ! » L La Graufesenque autagis cintux XXI tuꟈos decametos luxtos L Ptuj, Slovenia Noric artebudzbrogdui Artebrudz(os) pour Celui-du-Pays » L-1 Ventabren, Bouche-du-Rhône VECTIT[ BIRACI[ L-2 Coudoux, Bouche-du-Rhône BOVDIL ATIS · LEMI SVNIA L-3 Naintré, Vieux-Poitiers 1. RATIN BRIVATIOM 2. FRONTV · TARBETIS(C?)ONIOS 3. IE(I?)VRV Fort (having a bridge?) in front, Tarbetisconios offered it. L-4 Genouilly, Cher 1. ELVONTIV 2. IEVRV · ANEVNO 3. OCLICNO · LVGVRIX 4. ANEVNICNO L-5 Todi grave stela a: [ATEGNATI] [DRVT]I[·]F[·...] [C]OISIS[·]DRVTI·F [F]RATER·EIVS [M]INIMVS·LOCAV[I]<T> [ST]ATVITQV<E> Side L, Gaulish text: [AT]EKNATI TRUTI[K]NI [KAR]NITU·LOKAN·KO[I]SIS [TR]UTIKNOS b: [ATEGNATEI·DRV] [TEI·F·... ...] [COI]SIS DRVTEI·F·FRATER EIVS MINIMVS·LOCAV IT·ET·STATVIT Side A, Gaulish text: ATEKNATI·TRUT IKNI·KARNITU ARTUAŠKOISIS·T RUTIKNOS· Ategnati Druticni carnitu artuaꟈ Coisis Druticnos Coisis Druticnos dedicated the stone of Ategnatos Druticnos L-6 Néris-Les-Bains, Allier 1. BRATRONOS 2. NANTON(T)ICN 3. EPAꟇATEXTO 4. RICI · LEVCVTIO 5. SVIOREBE · TOCI 6. TOI Bratronos, son of Nantonꟈ(?) the good knight, for king Leucutios (and?) sisters (destiny?) L-7 Sazeirat, Creuse 1. SACER PEROCO 2. IEVRV DVORI 3. CO · V · S · L · M Sacer Peroco dedicated to the gate with vōtum solvit libēns meritō L-8 Lezoux statue a: MERCVRIO ETAVGVSTO SACRVM b: A[... IE[... ESO[... c: aprolasgi... L-9 Auxey, Côte-d’Or 1. ICCAVOS · OP 2. PIANICNOS · IEV 3. RV · BRIGINDONI 4. CANTALON Iccauos Oppianicnos dedicated to Brigindona the post/circular monument. L-10 Autun, Saône-et-Loire 1. LICNOS CON 2. TEXTOS · IEVRV 3. ANVALLONACV 4. CANECOSEDLON Licnos Contextos dedicated to Anuallonacos the golden seat. L-11 Nevers 1. ANDE 2. CAMV 3. LOS · TOVTI 4. SSICNOS 5. IEVRV · Andecamulos son of Toutissos decidated (this) L-12 Saint-Germain-Sources-Seine 1. A 2. RESE 3. QVANI A 4. RIÍOS IOVRVS 5. LVCIÍO NERTECOMA 6. DAGOLITOUS · AUOŌUT n3. it’s not clear if the name of the dea is Sequanī or Sequaniā as either one is a valid instrumental ending, n3. but if the name is Sequaniā then the next word is riíos, "free", not ariíos, "noble". n4. the plural form IOVRVS is unexpected here. To Sequana a noble man dedicated (this), Luciíos Nertecoma (son) of Dagolitus made L-13 Alise-Sainte-Reine, Côte-d’Or 1. MARTIALIS · DANNOTALI 2. IEVRV · VCVETE · SOSIN 3. CELICNON ETIC 4. GOBEDBI · DVGIÍONTIÍO 5. VCVETIN 6. IN [...]ALISIÍA Martialis son of Dannotalos dedicated to Ucuetis this banquet hall along with the smiths who worship Ucuetis in Alise. L-14 Paris, the column of the Paris sailors’ guild 1. ESVS 2. TARVOS TRIGARANVS 3. [C]ERNVNNOS 4. SMER[TRIOS] 5. EVRISES 6. SENANT V...ETLO Esus, Taruos Trigaranus, Cernunnos, and Smertrios elder dedicators (???) L-15 Plumergat, Auray 1. VABROS 2. ...T 3. ATREBO 4. AGANNTO 5. BO DVRN 6. EOGIAPO Vabros (made?) for the fathers to be worshipped a fist (???) L-16 Vieil-Évreux bronze plaque ]S , CRISPOSBOV[- ]RAMEDON , [ ] AXTAC BITI EV ,[ ]DO CARAꟇIÍONV[ ]N IASELANISEBOꟇꟇV,[ ] REMI FILIA ,[ ]DRVTAGISACICIVIS,SV[- L-18 Arc d’Orange monument ne: ]OSPE[ CATVS (CAIVS ?) BENE se: SACROVIR[ MARIO / S(..)FE DACVRDVS AV[OT] ..]RDIX A/VDILLVS / AVOT nw: BODVACVS / VAVNE L-19 Chalon-sur-Saone fibula IVLIOS AVO Julius made this. L-22 Musée de Bretagne, Rennes REXTVGENOS SVLLIAS AVVOT Rextugenos Sullias made this L-31 La Graufesenque sioxti albanos panna extra tuꟈ ccc Albanos sought 300 pans out of the furnace. L-32 La Graufesenque prinas sibu [ - ta tuddus[- you buy (???) furnace L-35.1 La Graufesenque à Millau, Aveyron 1. aricani lubitias 2. ris tecuandoedo 3. tidres trianis Aricanī lubitiās rīs tecuandosedon tidres trīanīs Aricanos’ favorites for beautiful furniture three thirds Aricanos likes his good furniture to be made in three equal parts. L-35. 1. autagis cintu XXXI 2. tuꟈos decametos luxtos 3. uerecunda canastri 4. s = ꟈ 5. eti pedalis - CX 6. eti canastri == ꟈ 7. albanos - panias - (M?)XXV 8. albinos - uinari - ꟈ 9. summacos - catili - (MM?)CꟈLX 10. felix - scota - catili - V CC 11. tritos - priuatos - paraxi V ꟈl 12. deprosagi paraxidi (MM?)ꟈc 13. masuetos - acitabli - IX-ꟈ First arrangement 31 in the tenth furnace contents (re-fire?) [the items] of Canastros (???) and Pedalis 110 and of Canastros 500 Albanos pots 1025 Albinos vinarii 500 Summacos catilli 2460 Felix scotas [and] catilli 5, 200 Tritus Privatos (???) 5, 550 Feed (???) 2600 Masuetos acitabli 489 L-35. 1. tuϑos . cintux. [ 2. luxtodos . casidanaíone . legitum First furnace is loaded with melt for Cassidannionos. L-37 La Graufesenque lubi caunonnas sincera L-44 La Graufesenque peculia rosiru ni adlo ni colliauto Peculiā rosīrū ni adlon ni colliauto For Peculia for too long it has been neither suitable nor (has it satisfied?). L-49 Cajarc, Lot 1. [...]redresta 2. in uertamon nantou 1. having run (f.) 2. into the highest in the valley L-50 Banassac, Lozère 1. neddamon 2. delgu linda I hold the drinks of the closest. n1: neddamon (*neꟈꟈamon), gen. pl., may mean nearest, but may also have the connotation of those one is close to socially. L-51 Banassac, Lozère 1. lubi rutenica onobiía 2. tiedi ulano celicnu enjoy Rutēnī healing water; you have plentitude in the tower/banquet hall L-52 Banassac, Lozère 1. billicotas rebellias 2. tioinuoru siluanos Billicotas Rebellias provided for his two descendants L-53 Banassac, Lozère anse d'un vase de forme ronde Inscription sur un fragment de vase découvert en 1937 à Banassac (Lozère) par le Docteur Morel. Il manque très probablement plusieurs caractères à gauche rendant la traduction du texte impossible. 1. citmi ate solas 2. lubi tarcot esoes citbī ate sōlā s... lubītar conteꟈꟈou is... wife again alone* [...] you enjoy for yourself (his?) warmth *assuming this word is a Latin borrowing, as the morphology does not seem Celtic. L-65 Lezoux serucnus euru num auitogniu duci serullius euru nemnu atigne duci an[ L-66 Lezoux, Puy-de-Dôme a: 1. ne re regu.na [...] 2. gandobe inte nouiio[...] 3. extincon papi coriiosed exa o[...] 4. mesamobi molatus cerdognu sueti con[...] 5. pape boudi magarni papon mam[...] 6. nane deuorbuetid loncate[...] 7. nu gnate ne dama gussou n[...] 8. uero ne curri ne papi cots[...] 9. pape ambito papi boudi ne tetu[...] 10. batoron ueia suebreto su[...] 11. citbio ledgo mo berci[...] b: 1. nene deuu [...] 2. buit[...]on[...] a: 1. I don’t direct too much, (nor?)... 2. (in) containment newly... 3. excess of everyone (army?) except ... 4. by the worst praise born of craft yourself with... 5. in everyone advantage nourish everyone (???)... 6. (neither?) does it surpass if devoured 7. now boy don’t accept abuse nor... 8. (crooked?) nor of an edge nor everyone’s (???)... 9. in everyone moving around everyone’s advantage nor (???)... 10. weapon force own good judgment good... 11. husband (weary?) (in transporation?) b: 1. nor by a god ... 2. (would be?) (???)... L-67 Lezoux, Puy-de-Dôme e[s]o ieuri rigani rosmertiac Dedicated to Esus and to queen Rosmerta L-68 Lezoux, Puy-de-Dôme [c]omíos [eu]ru clebíli caniísro « Comios a offert à Clebila la corbeille » « Comios a dédié à Clebila la corbeille » L-70 Lezoux, Puy-de-Dôme, Fins d’Annecy, Haute-Savoie, and Beugnâtre, Pas-deCalais 1. CALIA · VIIÍO 2. BIVSAVNITI 3. ÍOBIIRTII · M 4. OVNO 5. CALENI 6. OFICINA Caliā ueíobiu Saunī tīobertē Mouno Calenī oficinā I would marry Cala daughter of Saunos with gift to Mounos, Calenos’ office L-77 Saint-Marcel près d’Argenton-sur-Creuse, Indre LABRIOS NEA[T] VXOVNE L-78 Saint-Marcel près d’Argenton-sur-Creuse, Indre V]ERCOBRETOS READDAS L-79 Bourges, Cher BVSCILLA SOSIO LEGASIT IN ALIXIE MAGALV Buscillā sosio legasit in Alixiē Māgalū Buscilla this laid in Alixios by Magalos L-93 Châteaubleau, Seine-et-Marne 1 ne mna liíumi beni ueíonna in coro bouido 2 neí anmanbe gniíou ape ni te me uelle íexsetesi 3 sue-regenia tu o quprinnopetamebissi íeteta 4 miíi íegumi suante ueíommi petamassi papissone 5 sui-rexetesi íegiíinna anmanbe íeguisini 6 siaxsiou beíiassu nebiti motu piíummi ateri 7 xsi ín dore core muana íegumisini beíassu se te 8 sue cluiou se dagisamo cele uiro íono ue 9 ííobiíe beíiassu se te rega íexstumi sendi 10 me se tingi papi-ssone beíiassu se te me tingi se 11 tingi beíiassu se te regarise íexstumi sendi n. The many instances of se appear to be borrowed from Latin sī, "if", replacing the earlier Celtic mā. n2. Meid (2014) suggests ueííe as an alternative reading of uelle, with the same overall meaning to the sentence. n9. Ir. has a verb meaning "to court" or "to make love" derived from OIr. so + rige, the latter element from PC. *regeti, extend. 1. ne mnās liíū-mī. benī ueionnā in coron bouidon, 2. nei anuanbe gniíū-io, ape ni te me uellē iexset-esi, 3. sue-regeniā tū io comprinnopetami bissietes 4. miíē iegū-mī. suantē ueiommi petamassi pāpissonē 5. sue-rexset-esi iegiíinna anuanbi iegū-mī-sindi 6. siaxsiū-io. beíassū nebiti motū. piíū-mī ateren 7. ixse in dorē corē. moianā iegū-mī-sindi. beíassū sī te 8. sue cluiū. sue dagisāmos celē, uiros iānos, 9. ueíiobiíe. beíassū sī te regā iexs-tū-mī sindi. 10. me sī tingi pāpissonē beíassū sī te me tingi sī 11. tingi beíassū sī te regaris-ti iexs-tū-mī sindi 1. I do not bring blame upon women. Woman to be married in a contract funded by cattle, 2. whom I will not name, and anyway would not tell you her intentions with me, 3. I will ask your parents if I can marry you, you all will be, 4. gently I call. By desire I would marry, having asked in sight of everyone. 5. Would that she extends herself to be called by name, I call this 6. all I could ask for. (I will be virile?) I will see the father 7. himself about entering into a contract. I call this a valuable thing. I will be if from you 8. I hear so. As the best companion, a just man, 9. I would be married. I will be if you court me, tell me this. 10. If you accept me in sight of everyone, if you accept me, if 11. you accept, I will be, if you called. Tell me this. L-95 Grafenstein, Carinthia, Austria Noric a: 1. MOGE · ES[ 2. P· II- LAV · EX[ 3. NE · SAḄ/ḌṆES[ 4. OLLO · SO · VILO[ 5. ONA C[…] b: 6. OLLO · SO · V[ 7. P LVGNV · SI L-96 Grafenstein mogu . ciss[- petilau . íex[- ne . sadiíes[- ollo . so . uilo . [- ona . dom.. · oc[ ollo . so . uia . [ Ilugnu . si[ L-98 Hospitalet-du-Larzac, Aveyron 1a: 1. insinde · se · bnanom bricto[m] 2. neianom anuana sanander[ 3. na · brictom · uidluias uidlu[ 4. tigontias · so · adsagsona · seue[ 5. tertionicnim · lidssatim liciatim 6. eianom · uoduiuoderce lunget 7. [?]utonid ponc · nitixsintor si[ 8. duscelinatia inteanon · anuan[ 9. esi · andernados brictom · bano[ 10. flatucias · paulla dona potiti[ 11. iaia · duxtir · adiegias poti[ 12. atir paullias seuera du[ 13. ualentos dona paulli[?]us[ 14. adiega · matir · alias 15. potita dona prim.[?].[ 16. abesias 2a: 1. ...]a · senit conectos[... 2. ..]onda bocca nene.[... 3. ..]irionti onda boca ne[.. 4. .on barnaunom ponc nit 5. ixsintor sies eianepian 6. digi ne lisatim ne licia 7. tim · ne rodatim · biont 8. utu semnanom sagitiont 9. ias seuerim lissatim licia 10. tim anandognam acolut[ 11. utanit andognam[ 12. da bocca[ 13. diom ne[ 1b: 1. etic eiotinios cuet[ 2. rufena casta dona [ 3. uonus coetic diligentir · c[ 4. ulatio·nicnom aucitidnim[ 5. aterem potiti ulatucia rat. 6. banonias ne · incitas · biontutu in 7. das mnas uerondas brictas lissina.[ 8. seuerim licinaue · tertioni[ 9. elabi tiopritom biietutu sesme[ 10. ratet seuera tertionena 11. ne incitas biontutus ... du[ 12. anatia nepi anda 13. incorsonda 14. donicon.s 15. incarata 2b: 1. aia[...]cicena[ 2. nitianncobueꟈliꟈat[ 3. iasuolsonponne 4. antumnos · nepon 5. nesliciatia neosuoda 6. neiauodercos · nepon · 7. su[a] biiontutu se mn- 8. anom adsaxs[o]na doc 9. suet petidsiont sies 10. peti sagitiontias seu 11. [er]im tertio[nicnim] lissatim 12. [eia]s anandogna[m] 13. [br]ictontias 1a: 1. in sindē se mnanon brixton 2. ne iānon anuanā san ander[nā] 3. brixton. uidluiās uidlu- 4. tigontiās so ad-saxsont Seuer[in] 5. Tertionicnin liððatin liciatin. 6. eianon uo duī uodercī lunget 7. (???) id ponc ni tixsintor. sin 8. du-scelinatiā inte sanon anuan- [io] 9. essi andernadū brixton: bano[niā] 10. Flatuciās, Paullā Donā Potitiās 11. (???), duxtīr, Adiegiās poti- 12. atīr Paulliās, Seuerā du- 13. Ualentos Donā Paulliās 14. Adiegā, mātīr, allās 15. Potitā Donā prim- 16. Abesiās In this, the undersigned names [verb?] the unjust magic of women. Sorcerers, ... would seek to cast a spell against Severa Tertionicna (to be) harmed and bound. Their (magic) puts (her) under two tombs ... it when they shall not be bewitched. This misfortune (occurs) by means of magic of these women, who are named below: (names) 2a line 6: "ne lisatim ne liciatim ne rodatim" implies that lissat- and liciat- are different words. L-100 Chamalières, Puy-de-Dôme 1. andedíon uediíumí diíiuion ri sun 2. aritu mapon arueriíatin 3. (lotites? lopites?) sní eꟈꟈic sos brixtía anderon 4. clucion floron nigrínon adgarion aemilí 5. on paterin claudíon legitumon caelion 6. pelign claudío pelign marcion uictorin asiatí 7. con addedillí etic se couiponcnaman 8. tonc siíontío meíon ponc sesit bue 9. tid ollon reguc cambion exsops 10. pissíiumí tsoc cantí rissuis onson 11. bissíet luge dessummiíis luge 12. dessumíis luge dessumíís luxe 1. andedion uediíū-mī diíiuion rīs 2. sunertū Mapon[on] areueriíatin 3. lopites snīeꟈꟈi-c sos brixtiā anderon 4. Clucion Floron Nigrīnion adgarion Aemilion 5. pateren Claudion legitumon Caelion 6. pelignos Claudio pelignos Marcion Uictorin Asiatīcon 7. aꟈꟈedillī etic secouī ponc namanton-c 8. siíont-io. meion ponc sesit buetid 9. ollon, regū-c cambion, exsops 10. pissiíū-mī tso-c canti rīs suīs anson 11. bissiet Lugē dessū-mī-íis Lugē 12. dessū-mī-íis Lugē dessū-mī-íis Lugē 1. I beseech of underworld gods for 2. strength Maponos the satisfier 3. (???) and we have this by magic of young women 4. Clucius Florus, Nigrinus the advocate, Aemilius 5. the father, Claudius Legitumus, Caelius 6. born far away, Claudius born far away, Marcius Victoris Asiatīcus 7. inhabitants (dimin.) and followers when of enemies 8. that they would be. The small, when sowed, would be 9. all, and I straighten what is crooked, (though) blind 10. I see. And (this?) together for us ours 11. will be to Lugus, I prepare him for Lugus, 12. I prepare him for Lugus, I prepare him for Lugus. n3. anderon may be a double meaning: anderā young woman, andernos underworldly, so those whom the author considered "infernal young women". n11. dessū-mī is related to dexsiuo- "right" (both meanings), lit. "I make him/it(m.) right for Lugus," three times for magical effect. L-101 Lezoux, Puy-de-Dôme a: 1. lutora eiu p 2. seco[.]es pon[.]n 3. exiatusagabasocu 4. triaram[...] 5. trie[.]tic[.]nus 6. o[.]e[.]o[.]seco[.]es b: 1. bueti dagi lex 2. mendicas[...] 3. sonitix opus 4. loatin gobtipo 5. dumuiodnirs 6. rincituso[.] 7. gnasioda[.] L-103 Rom, Deux-Sèvres a: 1. ape cialli carti 2. eti ueiont caticato 3. nademtissiebotu 4. gixsedemtitiont 5. bicartaontbido 6. ma sosio deupia 7. sosiío (???) ra sosio 8. ergsailigs(?) eiottei 9. sosio poxrntecoiti? 10. seiade miisa rocoro 11. dunt mauouseods b: 1. teuoraiiumo 2. ihqamasote (???) 3. qoatanxtecom 4. priatososioberti 5. an oipommio ateu 6. tissepoteatepri 7. auimoatantate 8. onteqatimeqo 9. eiat cuoraiimo 10. ape sosio berti 11. etoes iambemtisse 12. ci?riíman L-107 Bath, Somerset 1. ADIXOvI 2. DEVINA 3. DEVEDA 4. ANDAGIN 5. VINDIORIX 6. CVAM VN 7. AI L-111 Spindle whorl Gièvres, Loir-et-Cher TIONOVIMPI MORVCIN tīoneuimpin morūcin to a very ugly person (f.) (lit. extremely-not-pretty sea worm, acc.) L-112 Spindle whorl area of Autun, Saône-et-Loire NATA VIMPI CVRMI DA Beautiful girl, give beer. L-113 Spindle whorl Autun, Saône-et-Loire TAVRINA VIMPI Beautiful Taurina. L-114 Spindle whorl area of Autun, Saône-et-Loire GENETTA VIS CARA genetā uis(sā) carā Familiar friendly girl. L-115 Spindle whorl Autun, Saône-et-Loire MATTA DAGOMOTA BALINE ENATA L-116 Spindle whorl Autun, Saône-et-Loire VEADIA TVA TENET Your spindle stretches (the thread) taut. L-117 Spindle whorl Autun, Saône-et-Loire MARCOSIOR MATERNIA I will mount/copulate with [someone's] maternal figure. L-118 Spindle whorl Autun, Saône-et-Loire NATA · VIMPI · [B?S?V?] TOTVNVCI natā uimpī bussū (to-tucnognin?) Beautiful girl I kiss (your buttocks?). L-119 Spindle whorl Saint-Révérien, Nièvre MONI GNATHA GABI BVꟇꟇVTON IMON My girl, take/grab my kiss/phallus. L-120 Spindle whorl Sens, Yonne GENETTA IMI DAGA VIMPI My girl good and pretty. L-121 Spindle whorl Auxerre, Yonne NATA VIMPI POTA VIM L-122 Spindle whorl Nyon, kn. Waadt AVE VIMPI auē uimpī with grandson (a) beautiful (partner) L-125 La Maladrerie, Reims, Marne VEDZVIDIVVOGNAVIXVVIONI uedzui diu uognaui XV uioni (This inscription is probably Belgic and therefore distinct from, but perhaps similar to, Gaulish.) L-126 Faubourg de Laon, Reims, Marne ADEPICCADEFACNVAVMAYṂVIXIO ade picca de facnu au maymu ixio (This inscription is probably Belgic and therefore distinct from, but perhaps similar to, Gaulish.) L-127 Thiaucourt, Meurthe-et-Moselle ADIA|NTVN|NENI|EXVE|RTIN|INAP|PISET|V adiantun neni exuertin in appisetū desire nor unfaithfulness in the beholder L-128 Arras, Pas-de-Calais ISE|CAR|RVA|»XA|»AC|SB»|XXV|SAO (Possibly Belgic) L-131 Windisch, kn. Aargau |AVO||MIO||TOC||NAI||IXV||TIO|VDR|VTO| AVOMIO TOCNA I IXVTIOV DRVTO auuōmi-ío tocnin in ixutiou druto because I made a promise to Ixsutios Drutos L-132 Villa d’Ancy à Limé, Aisne IBETIS VCIV · ANDECARI · BIIETE ibetis u-ciū andecārī biíete (2nd plural forms) Drink of this (and) be merry! L-133 Couchey, Côte-d’Or 1. DOIROS SEGOMARI 2. IEVRV ALISANV Doiros Segomari dedicated to Alisanos. L-140 Spindle whorl Amiens, Somme CARA VIMPI TOCARANTO Dear beautiful of your friend(s). The lack of final -s or -n on caranto leaves it ambiguous whether this is the genitive singular or plural of caranꟈ. A genitive dual carantō is also possible, though less likely. L-141 Gonesse, Val d’Oise CERVES(I)A PO(T) TAVRILLA DAGA BIS(I)ETVTO Beer drink Taurilla good will be The two occurrences of consonantal-I both appear as merely an extra line on the preceding consonant, possibly indicating that the consonantal-I often did not have its own sound but softened the preceding consonant. L-142 a: 1. ...u 2. ...n 3. clissuiuellosatia XX 4. trilu XXXV ses 5. paetrute XXVIII s= 6. pixte XVI s= serinoti 7. suexxe X s= sequndo 8. suanmanu XVIIII dinariíu 9. ------------------------------- 10. suma DXXXIIII nols XXXV 11. e seti 12. asu 13. serinoti 14. nso b: 1. ...m -XXXVII diar 2. -XXXXI eissuꞩꞩ seiniounnií 3. ...ruti -XXVIII s (???) 4. pixte XII ses co[....]axs 5. seuxxe -XI s= 6. suxixxuií X s= 7. setigiprino 8. ascaniusare 9. bogetu XV 10. VIII 11. ...d 12. seritonicati L-143 La Graufesenque 117-8 C.E. a: 1. DECIBALE · N[...] 2. ATEVANE b: 1. TON N[...]RV[...]OA[?]PART[...][I?] 2. DECIBAL DVSA[...]BI 3. DECIBALE 4. DVMENVS 5. [...]V · BR[...] 6. [...]NV 7. [...]COVI 8. [...]V c: 1. [?] 2. M[...] 3. V · B[...] 4. RAIA[?][...] 5. TV · TVEI[?][...] 6. TRASATỌ[...]